Under normal operating conditions no scale/corrosion inhibitor or biocide is dosed. During commissioning, or under abnormal conditions such as sharp water-quality swings, temporary dosing may still be required per site procedure — we do not claim it is never needed. The applicable envelope is stated in the sizing calculation.

The electrochemical process lowers calcium hardness and total alkalinity simultaneously and in equal amounts, so cycles of concentration can be raised to the LSI control limit and blowdown drops substantially. The achievable value depends on make-up water quality, system heat load and dosing history; it must be recalculated per site.

About 2.47 kWh per kg CaCO₃ at design conditions (cell voltage 4.616 V); on an operating basis — actual operating power against the design descaling capacity of 154 g/h — about 3.01 kWh per kg CaCO₃. Actual consumption depends on water quality, heat load and operating strategy; the figure for a specific project is stated in our calculation sheet.

Outdoor skid-mounted; no dedicated plant room. It requires floor space, a compressed-air supply and power. Where no air supply exists, a mobile compressor can be supplied.

Not all at once. Typically the two run in parallel for a period (chemical dosing kept as back-up) until water quality is stable, then dosing is phased out. The switch-over schedule can follow your production plan.

The cooling tower nominal flow is enough for a preliminary match; further data (make-up water quality, site conditions) is confirmed together with our engineer. Detailed sizing is issued by us as a calculation sheet.